Question

PLEASE FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTION BELOW  ZERO (0) PLAGIARISM  FIVE RERENCES NOT MORE THAN FIVE YEARS OR LESS  7TH APA WRITING FORMAT  PLEAS FOLLOW RUBBIC BELOW   As a psychiatric nurse practitioner, before you can recommend potential pharmacotherapeutics to address a patient’s condition or disorder, you must understand the basic function and structure of the neuron and central nervous system. For this Assignment, you will review and apply your understanding of neuroanatomy by addressing a set of short answer prompts.  To Prepare: Review the Learning Resources for this week in preparation to complete this Assignment.  Reflect on the basic function and structure of the neuron in relation to the central nervous system.  Reflect on the inter-connectedness between neurons and the central nervous system, including the pathway and distribution of electrical impulses.  Reflect on how neurons communicate with each other and review the concept of neuroplasticity.  Address the following Short Answer prompts for your Assignment. Be sure to include references to the Learning Resources for this week.  In 4 or 5 sentences, describe the anatomy of the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron. Include each part of the neuron and a general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse. Be specific and provide examples.  Answer the following (listing is acceptable for these questions):  What are the major components that make up the subcortical structures?  Which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction?  What are the two key neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control?  In 3 or 4 sentences, explain how glia cells function in the central nervous system. Be specific and provide examples.  The synapse is an area between two neurons that allows for chemical communication. In 3 or 4 sentences, explain what part of the neurons are communicating with each other and in which direction does this communication occur? Be specific.  In 3–5 sentences, explain the concept of “neuroplasticity.” Be specific and provide examples.    Attachments   Rubric Detail Select Grid View or List View to change the rubric’s layout.  Content Name: NURS_6630_Week1_Assignment_Rubric   Grid View  List View  Excellent  Point range: 90–100  Good  Point range: 80–89  Fair  Point range: 70–79  Poor  Point range: 0–69  In 4 or 5 sentences, describe the anatomy of the basic unit of the nervous sytem, the neuron. Include each part of the neuron and a general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse. Be specific and provide examples.  Points:  Points Range: 12 (16%) – 13 (17.33%) The response accurately and clearly describes in detail the anatomy of the neuron. The response accurately and clearly describes in detail each part of the neuron, and it includes a detailed explanation of the general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse. Examples fully support the response provided. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 11 (14.67%) – 11 (14.67%) The response accurately describes the anatomy of the neuron. The response accurately describes each part of the neuron, and it includes a general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse. Examples support the response provided. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 10 (13.33%) – 10 (13.33%) The response provides an inaccurate or vague description of the anatomy of the neuron. The response inaccurately or vaguely describes each part of the neuron, and it includes an inaccurate or vague overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse. Examples vaguely support the response provided. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 0 (0%) – 9 (12%) The response provides an inaccurate or incomplete description of the anatomy of the neuron, or is missing. The response inaccurately or incompletely describes each part of the neuron, and it includes an inaccurate or vague overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse, or is missing. Examples do not support the response provided, or is missing. Feedback:  Answer the following (listing is acceptable for these questions):  a. What are the major components that make up the subcortical structures? b. Which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction? c. What are the two key neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control?  Points:  Points Range: 12 (16%) – 13 (17.33%) The response accurately and clearly details the major components that make up the subcortical structures. The response accurately and clearly details which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction. The response accurately and clearly identifies the two neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 11 (14.67%) – 11 (14.67%) The response accurately identifies the major components that make up the subcortical structures. The response accurately identifies which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction. The response accurately identifies the two neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 10 (13.33%) – 10 (13.33%) The response inaccurately identifies the major components that make up the subcortical structures. The response inaccurately identifies which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction. The response inaccurately identifies two neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 0 (0%) – 9 (12%) The response inaccurately and incompletely identifies the major components that make up the subcortical structures, or is missing. The response inaccurately and incompletely identifies which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction, or is missing. The response inaccurately and incompletely identifies two neurotransmitters in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control, or is missing. Feedback:  In 3 or 4 sentences, explain how glia cells function in the central nervous system. Be specific and provide examples.  Points:  Points Range: 12 (16%) – 13 (17.33%) The response accurately and clearly explains in detail how glia cells function in the central nervous system. Examples fully support the response provided. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 11 (14.67%) – 11 (14.67%) The response accurately explains how glia cells function in the central nervous system. Examples support the response provided. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 10 (13.33%) – 10 (13.33%) The response inaccurately or vaguely explains how glia cells function in the central nervous system. Examples inaccurately or vaguely support the response provided. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 0 (0%) – 9 (12%) The response inaccurately and vaguely explains how glia cells function in the central nervous system, or is missing. Examples do not support the response provided, or is missing. Feedback:  The synapse is an area between two neurons that allows for chemical communication. In 3 or 4 sentences, explain what part of the neurons are communicating with each other and in which direction does this communication occur? Be specific.  Points:  Points Range: 12 (16%) – 13 (17.33%) The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the part of the neurons that communicate with each other and the direction in which this communication occurs. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 11 (14.67%) – 11 (14.67%) The response accurately explains the part of the neurons that communicate with each other and the direction in which this communication occurs. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 10 (13.33%) – 10 (13.33%) The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the part of the neurons that communicate with each other and the direction in which this communication occurs. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 0 (0%) – 9 (12%) The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the part of the neurons that communicate with each other and the direction in which this communication occurs, or is missing. Feedback:  In 3–5 sentences, explain the concept of “neuroplasticity.” Be specific and provide examples.  Points:  Points Range: 12 (16%) – 13 (17.33%) The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the concept of neuroplasticity. Examples provided fully support the response provided. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 11 (14.67%) – 11 (14.67%) The response accurately explains the concept of neuroplasticity. Examples provided support the response provided. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 10 (13.33%) – 10 (13.33%) The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the concept of neuroplasticity. Examples inaccurately or vaguely support the response provided. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 0 (0%) – 9 (12%) The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the concept of neuroplasticity, or is missing. Examples do not support the response provided, or is missing. Feedback:  Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation  Points:  Points Range: 5 (6.67%) – 5 (6.67%) Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 4 (5.33%) – 4 (5.33%) Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 3.5 (4.67%) – 3.5 (4.67%) Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 0 (0%) – 2 (2.67%) Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding. Feedback:  Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.  Points:  Points Range: 5 (6.67%) – 5 (6.67%) Uses correct APA format with no errors. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 4 (5.33%) – 4 (5.33%) Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 3.5 (4.67%) – 3.5 (4.67%) Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors. Feedback:  Points:  Points Range: 0 (0%) – 2 (2.67%) Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors. Feedback:  Show Descriptions

Answer

NURS 3660

Describe the anatomy of the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron. Include each part of the neuron and a general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse. Be specific and provide examples.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells, are the building blocks of the nervous system, with specialized cells that receive and transmit electrical signals in the body (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). The three main parts of the neuron are the cell body, an axon, and the dendrites. Each part of the neuron plays a role in communicating information throughout the body. Signals or messages are received through the dendrites and travel to the cell body afterward. The signals then continue down the axon until they reach the synapse, which is the contact point where a neuron communicates with another neuron and is later transmitted to the next neuron with the help of neurotransmitters in the synapse.

What are the major components that make up the subcortical structures?

Subcortical structures are a combination of various neural formations deep within the brain (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). The major components of the subcortical structures include the limbic structures, diencephalon, basal ganglia, and the pituitary gland (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). These components are involved in intricate activities like hormone production, memory, pleasure, and emotions.

Which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction?

The component of subcortical structures that plays a role in memory, learning, and addiction is the basal ganglia. Moreover, according to Camprodon & Roffman (2016), the basal ganglia is responsible for body functions like executive behaviors and functions and motor learning and emotions. Moreover, the dorsal striatum, a part of the basal ganglia, mediates stimulus-response (S–R) habit memory (Goodman & Packard, 2016).

What are the two key neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control?

The two neurotransmitters that play a significant role in motor control are Dopamine which is found in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is found in substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata (Sonne & Beato, 2018). GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is vastly distributed in the cortex’s neurons. Thus, GABA is a crucial contributing factor to vision, control among other cortical functions (Sonne & Beato, 2018).

The substantia nigra is a vital brain region responsible for the production of Dopamine. Dopamine is neurochemical, which affects many functions or systems of the central nervous system, such as emotional limbic activity, cognitive executive functions, and movement control (Sonne & Beato, 2018). Most of the substantia nigra’s dopamine neurons project to the striatum, which is a basal ganglia part. They then form away known as the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway that is crucial in movement stimulation (Sonne & Beato, 2018).

In 3 or 4 sentences, explain how glia cells function in the central nervous system. Be specific and provide examples.

Glial cells play a supportive function in the central nervous system. They are non-neuronal cells that are responsible for myelin formation, provision of support and protection to the neurons or stabilization of synapses, and maintaining homeostasis (Allen & Lyons, 2018). Glia cells also participate in synaptic transmission. There are four types of glia, including oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglial cells, and ependymal cells.

• Astrocytes – Astrocytes are specialized glial cells that are responsible for crucial roles in the central nervous system like energy storage, defense against oxidative stress, and water homeostasis (Allen & Lyons, 2018).
• Oligodendrocytes – Oligodendrocytes are specialized glial cells that wrap themselves around neurons that are present or found in the central nervous system. They are responsible for generating and maintaining myelin sheath insulating or surrounding neuronal axons (Allen & Lyons, 2018).
• Ependymal cells – are a type of glial cell that forms ependyma or epithelial lining, which is a thin membrane that lines the ventricles in the brain and the spinal cord’s central canal (Allen & Lyons, 2018). Their main function is to secrete, maintain and circulate homeostasis of the cerebrospinal fluid, which fills the CNS’s ventricles.
• Microglial cells – Microglial cells are a specialized group of macrophages present or found in the Central Nervous System. Microglial cells are responsible for removing infections and damaged neurons (Allen & Lyons, 2018). They are also crucial for maintaining the central nervous system health.

The synapse is an area between two neurons that allows for chemical communication. In 3 or 4 sentences, explain what part of the neurons are communicating with each other and in which direction does this communication occur? Be specific

Synapses arecreated between a receiving neuron’s dendrites and the axon terminal of the sending neuron (Synapses, 2017). Communication between a neuron and a muscle or gland and two neurons takes place at the synapse. There are four types of neurons that are involved in communication and signal transmission (Synapses, 2017). The neurons include sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.

• The motor neurons transport impulses from the spinal cord and the brain to glands or muscles.
• The interneurons play the function of connecting motor neurons and sensory neurons and then interpret the message or impulse only in the spinal cord and brain.
• The sensory neurons receive impulses and then transport or carry them to the brain or spinal cord from the sense organs.

When a sensory neuron receives a stimulus, the impulse or the message is transported to the cell body through dendrites which are fibrous extensions. The cell body is composed of cytoplasmic components or structures, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus that controls the function of neurons (Synapses, 2017). The impulse travels through the cell body along neuron pathways as electrical charges and is carried or transported through the axons to the end brush. The end brush is a group or collection of fibers that extend off the axon. At this point, the impulse then triggers chemical releases that allow the impulse to travel or be transported through a synapse (Synapses, 2017). The synapse is the space between the axons of a single neuron and the dendrites of the next neuron. Thus, communication between neurons goes one way which is from the dendrite to the cell body and then the axon. In this communication, an action potential is sent down the axon to the synapse from the pre-synaptic cell (Synapses, 2017). Finally, the communication or message goes to the post-synaptic cell from the synapse through neurotransmitters.

In 3–5 sentences, explain the concept of “neuroplasticity.” Be specific and provide examples.

Neuroplasticity is the ability of the brain to reorganize and allow adaptive changes to take place when exposed to internal and external stimuli (Price & Duman, 2020). This is possible or achieved by the brain forming new neural connections throughout an individual’s life. Psychiatric treatments are an excellent example of neuroplasticity in the brain. According to Price & Duman (2020), deep brain stimulation can reverse the symptoms or signs of depression which is treatment-resistant. This is achieved through neuroplasticity by causing the brain to make adaptive changes by disrupting focal pathological activity. Some benefits of neuroplasticity include recovery from traumatic injuries to the brain and enhanced cognitive abilities (Price & Duman, 2020).

References

Action potentials and synapses. (2017, November 9). Queensland Brain Institute – University of Queensland. https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain-basics/brain/brain-physiology/action-potentialsandsynapses#:~:text=Neurons%20communicate%20with%20each%20other,to%20release%20a%20chemical%20neurotransmitter

Allen, N. J., & Lyons, D. A. (2018). Glia as architects of central nervous system formation and function. Science, 362(6411), 181-185.

Camprodon, J. A., & Roffman, J. L. (2016). Psychiatric neuroscience: Incorporating pathophysiology into clinical case formulation. Massachusetts General Hospital Psychopharmacology and neurotherapeutics, 1-19.

Goodman, J., & Packard, M. G. (2016). Memory systems and the addicted brain. Frontiers in psychiatry, 7, 24. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2016.00024

Price, R. B., & Duman, R. (2020). Neuroplasticity in cognitive and psychological mechanisms of depression: an integrative model. Molecular psychiatry, 25(3), 530-543.

Sonne, J., & Beato, M. R. (2018). Neuroanatomy, substantia nigra. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536995